The phrase pecunia non olet is still used today to say that the value of money is not tainted by its origins. When Titus said "No", Vespasian replied, "Yet it comes from urine" ( Atqui ex lotio est). The Roman historian Suetonius reports that when Vespasian's son Titus complained about the disgusting nature of the tax, his father held up a gold coin and asked whether he felt offended by its smell ( sciscitans num odore offenderetur). It was used in tanning, wool production, and also by launderers as a source of ammonia to clean and whiten woollen togas. The urine collected from these public urinals was sold as an ingredient for several chemical processes. Vespasian imposed a urine tax on the distribution of urine from Rome's public urinals (the Roman lower classes urinated into pots, which were later emptied into cesspools). The tax was removed after a while, but it was re-enacted by Vespasian around 70 AD in order to fill the treasury. Sirringhaus†, Two-Dimensional Carrier Distribution in Top-Gate Polymer Field-Effect Transistors: Correlation between Width of Density of Localized States and Urbach Energy, Advanced Materials, 26, 728–733, 2014.DOI: 10.1002/adma.A tax on the disposal of urine was first imposed by Emperor Nero under the name of vectigal urinae in the 1st century AD. Sirringhaus†, Approaching Disorder-Free Transport in High-Mobility Conjugated Polymers, Nature, 515, 384–388, 2014. Sirringhaus†, Scanning Kelvin Probe Microscopy Investigation of the Role of Minority Carriers on the Switching Characteristics of Organic Field-Effect Transistors, Advanced Materials, 28, 4713–4719, 2016. Sirringhaus†*, Trap Healing for High-Performance Low-Voltage Polymer Transistors and Solution-Based Analog Amplifiers on Foil, Advanced Materials, 29, 1606938, 2017. Sirringhaus, Inkjet Printed Nanocavities on a Photonic Crystal Template, Advanced Materials, 29 (47), 1704425, 2017. Pecunia†*, Efficiency and Spectral Performance of Narrowband Organic and Perovskite Photodetectors: a Cross-Sectional Review, Journal of Physics: Materials, 2, 042001, 2019. Li, Perovskite-Inspired Lead-Free Ag2BiI5 for Self-Powered NIR-Blind Visible Light Photodetection, Nano-Micro Letters, 12:27, 2020. Pecunia†*, Microstructural and Photoconversion Efficiency Enhancement of Compact Films of Lead-Free Perovskite Derivative Rb3Sb2I9, Journal of Materials Chemistry A, 8, 4396–4406, 2020. Pecunia†*, Narrowband-Absorption-Type Organic Photodetectors for the Far-Red Range Based on Fullerene-Free Bulk Heterojunctions, Advanced Optical Materials, 1902056, 2020. Pecunia†*, Enhanced photoconversion efficiency in cesium-antimony-halide perovskite derivatives by tuning crystallographic dimensionality, Applied Materials Today, 19, 100637, 2020. Pecunia†*, Ambipolar Deep-Subthreshold Printed-Carbon-Nanotube Transistors for Ultralow-Voltage and Ultralow-Power Electronics, ACS Nano, 14, 10, 14036–14046, 2020. Peng, Lead-Free Halide Perovskite Photovoltaics: Challenges, Open Questions and Opportunities, APL Materials, 8(10), 100901, 2020. Hoye†, V.Pecunia†, Lead-Free Perovskite-Inspired Absorbers for Indoor Photovoltaics, Advanced Energy Materials, 11(1), 2002761, 2021. Sirringhaus, Assessing the Impact of Defects on Lead-Free Perovskite-Inspired Photovoltaics via Photo-Induced Current Transient Spectroscopy, Advanced Energy Materials, 11(22), 2003968, 2021. Hoye†, Emerging Indoor Photovoltaic Technologies for Sustainable Internet of Things, Advanced Energy Materials, 2100698, 2021. Pecunia*†, Two-Dimensional Antimony-Based Perovskite-Inspired Materials for High-Performance Self-Powered Photodetectors, Advanced Functional Materials, 2106295, 2021.
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